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New York City serves as an interesting example of a major American city that fared worse during the Covid-19 Pandemic than it had during the Spanish Influenza Pandemic. Preemptive measures were taken by the city in 1918 that helped the city curb the initial number of cases, whereas in 2020 the city chose to be reactive and only took measures to contain the spread of the virus after it had already spread within several communities.
By the middle of August of 1918, the world had begun to see the spread of Spanish Influenza across the world, and New York City had observed this ongoing pandemic though it had not yet reached its shores. To protect itself, the city had begun to quarantine ships at the port though, admittedly, it would “be impossible to quarantine every vessel which arrives with a few cases on board”.[1] While it was ultimately impossible to completely contain the contagion, they made a valiant effort and were able to successfully mitigate the quantity of cases within the city and by September 22nd of 1918 boasted of there being “Only twenty new cases of Spanish Influenza originating in New York City”[2] within that specific 24 hour period and 367 being treated within city hospitals in total.[3]
During this time the public was being told that Spanish Influenza was similar to the seasonal “grippe” and that the danger within the disease was that it weakened the immune system and opened up individuals to succumbing to pneumonia and gave general advice on how to avoid transmitting the disease and protecting oneself from receiving the disease.[4] In October of 1918 Spanish Influenza tore through the continental United States with cases surging across every area, yet New York City was able to keep the pandemic substantially more contained than other major metropolitan areas.[5] This was due in part to New York City’s Health Department shutting down non-essential businesses and curbing the creation of crowds within public transportation and public spaces in general.[6] However, cases continued to rise but action continued within every 24 hour period, showing the seriousness that the city government took the pandemic and coordinating with health officials to continue taking the best measures at mitigating the spread of the disease, including new regulations that staggered shifts at work places to reduce the congestion of workers commuting to and from work.[7]
Despite the measures taken, the daily tally of new cases still climbed, though the pandemic was still impacting 2% of the city’s total population.[8] However, by October 21st, the daily new cases had begun to drop, with 4,570 new cases reported versus the 20th’s total of 4,875.[9] By early November, the city was confident enough to begin dropping trade and travel mandates that were previously staggered to prevent overcrowding.[10] By mid-November the pandemic was declared over in New York City by officials and minds began to shift towards thinking of the pandemic in retrospect. Dr. Royal S. Copeland, the Health Commissioner for the city cites the many measures that were implemented as having effectively controlled the number of cases as compared to other cities.[11] When comparing to other years where influenza transmission was well above average, Surgeon General Rupert Blue warned about a second-wave of Spanish Influenza that could sweep the United States again the following year, but Health Commissioner Copeland felt that it would not a problem with a vaccination developed by one Dr. Rosenow that was being distributed to soldiers going to Europe and returning from Europe to try and prevent the reoccurrence of the pandemic.[12] In the wave of the Spanish Influenza Pandemic, which had subsided by winter of 1918, the lives of thousands were upended by the deaths and illnesses of family. In paper across the city, struggling families were featured in newspapers asking for help with many citing struggling to live after losing integral family members to the pandemic.[13]
In 2020 the world was exposed to yet another pandemic, this time Covid-19 was spreading across the globe. While the pandemic was ravaging Europe and much of the world, New York City had seen the ongoing pandemic but had not taken a preemptive stance and instead ran the city as it would during normal times. In late February “A 39-year-old woman took flight 701 from Doha, Qatar, to John F. Kennedy International Airport … A week later, on March 1, she tested positive for the coronavirus, the first confirmed case in New York City”.[14] The next day, a state of emergency was declared with no action being taken, and Mayor Bill de Blasio declaring “We’ll tell you the second we think you should change your behavior”.[15] Unlike the city officials over 100 years ago, officials were slow to act on those pandemic, allowing crucial time to elapse after the first confirmed case by not checking the spread of the disease in the city. Cases exploded by mid to late March with deaths skyrocketing by early April and had disproportionately affected “persons who were older, had underlying health conditions, or resided in poorer neighborhoods, and racial and ethnic minority populations”.[16] The consensus during and after the 2020 Covid-19 Pandemic was that Mayor Bill de Blasio was slow to act on the pandemic because of “His normal reluctance to offend important interest groups”[17] with Governor Cuomo finally putting in place stay at home orders on March 17th, with former CDC director Tom Frieden suggesting that “If such actions had been taken just four days earlier, the pandemic might have been reduced by as much as 80%”.[18]
Later in the fall of 2020, the city began to reopen schools with “100 public schools and day care centers in the city hav[ing] already seen positive coronavirus cases”.[19] Amid the reopenings “The superintendents and principals union had a vote of no confidence in Mayor Bill de Blasio”[20] and shortly thereafter Dr. Oxiris Barbot, the Health Commissioner of New York City, resigned after disputes with Mayor de Blasio and stating publicly that “I leave my post today with deep disappointment that during the most critical public health crisis in our lifetime, that the health department’s incomparable disease control expertise was not used to the degree it could have been … The city would be well served by having them at the strategic center of the response not in the background”.[21]
Ultimately, New York City serves as an example of a major American city that had failed to learn from the Spanish Influenza Pandemic, even with the survivors of that pandemic hoping that the city in the future would learn from the example they set. However, New York City’s response to Covid-19 was mired in political concerns rather than public health. Where health experts had lead the charge against Spanish Influenza in 1918, in 2020 health experts were instead relegated to the background of decision making processes, which helped New York City become one of the worst hit cities of the 2020 Pandemic.
[1] “EPIDEMIC GUARD FOR PORT.: All Incoming Steamships Watched for Signs of Spanish Influenza.” New York Times. August 19, 1918. http://search.proquest.com/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/100212851/citation/13488FDAD158407BPQ/1.
[2] “ONLY 20 NEW CASES OF INFLUENZA HERE: Persons Under Treatment in City Hospitals Mostly Army and Navy Men. HOW ATTACK MAY BE KNOWN Health Department Describes Symptoms and Time and Manner Of Their Appearance.” New York Times. September 22, 1918. http://search.proquest.com/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/100003742/abstract/BBDD5DD8A8894C64PQ/6.
[3] “ONLY 20 NEW CASES OF INFLUENZA HERE: Persons Under Treatment in City Hospitals Mostly Army and Navy Men. HOW ATTACK MAY BE KNOWN Health Department Describes Symptoms and Time and Manner Of Their Appearance.” New York Times. September 22, 1918. http://search.proquest.com/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/100003742/abstract/BBDD5DD8A8894C64PQ/6.
[4] “SPANISH INFLUENZA MUCH LIKE GRIPPE: Malady Found Not Dangerous Unless Neglected, When Pneumonia May Develop--Its History and Symptoms.” New York Times. September 22, 1918, sec. Editorial. http://search.proquest.com/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/100012709/abstract/BBDD5DD8A8894C64PQ/1.
[5] Times, Special to The New York. “INFLUENZA IMPEDES SHIP PRODUCTION: About 6,500 Workers Are Ill at Fall River and Hog Island-- Other Yards Affected. NONE SOUTH OF BALTIMORE Schwab Sees Only a Temporary Check--Declares Shipping Outlook Is Bright. Schwab Greets Hurley. Lacks Skilled Workers. GAINS SLIGHTLY HERE. 903 New Cases of Grip Reported Yesterday--Use of Vaccine Not New.” New York Times. October 3, 1918. http://search.proquest.com/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/100140085/abstract/DAF3FD4CCB22431BPQ/1.
[6] “DRASTIC STEPS TAKEN TO FIGHT INFLUENZA HERE: Health Board Issues 4 P.M. Closing Orders for All Stores Except Food and Drug Shops. HOURS FOR FACTORIES FIXED Plan, in Effect Today, to Reduce Crowding on Transportation Lines in Rush Periods. TIME TABLE FOR THEATRES Radical Regulations Necessary to Prevent Shutting City Up Tight, Says Dr. Copeland. 1,695 New Cases Here. DRASTIC STEPS TO FIGHT INFLUENZA Has Power to Close Up City. Theatre Opening Hours. Conditions Different Here. To Permit Fires Earlier.” New York Times. October 5, 1918. http://search.proquest.com/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/100061674/abstract/BBDD5DD8A8894C64PQ/20.
[7] “REVISE TIME TABLE IN INFLUENZA FIGHT: Real Test Due Tomorrow, Since Explosion Scare Upset Plan to Relieve Subway Crush. DISEASE INCREASING HERE Sixty-One Deaths and More New Cases Yesterday--Permit Heat in Patients’ Homes. First Real Test Tomorrow. REVISE TIME TABLE IN INFLUENZA FIGHT Will Not Affect Wall Street. Copeland Wants Nurses.” New York Times. October 6, 1918. http://search.proquest.com/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/100039867/abstract/BBDD5DD8A8894C64PQ/11.
[8] “ASKS EXPERTS’ AID TO CHECK EPIDEMIC: Copeland Names Committee to Act--Goldwater Sees Peril in Schools. REPORT 4,596 NEW CASES Comparison with Former Grip Outbreak Indicates ‘Peak’ Of City’s Influenza Now. Goldwater Sees School Peril. Russian’s Advice as to Schools. Copeland Cites Army Expert. Appeals to Doctors and Clergy. Volunteer Nurses Wanted. Distribute Patients’ Food.” New York Times. October 13, 1918. http://search.proquest.com/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/100196229/abstract/BBDD5DD8A8894C64PQ/2.
[9] “INFLUENZA CASES DROP 305 IN CITY: Only 4,570 Reported by Doctors in the Last 24Hours.PHYSICIAN ASSAILS MAYOR Dr. Davin Calls Upon Hylan to Give Out the Names of Physicians He Accused of Profiteering. Must Furnish Heat.” New York Times. October 21, 1918. http://search.proquest.com/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/100175226/abstract/6DEC28F3804645D6PQ/4.
[10] “TRADE AND TRAVEL BACK TO OLD HOURS: Influenza Waning Rapidly, So Emergency Schedule Is Abolished After Tuesday Evening. TALK OF PERMANENT PLAN Zone System Also Discussed, Due to Success of Method Tried During Epidemic. May Resume Former Hours. Would Like to Continue Plan. MRS. PRESTON BUREAU HEAD Succeeds Husband as Director of Security League Speakers.” New York Times. November 3, 1918. http://search.proquest.com/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/100145116/abstract/BBDD5DD8A8894C64PQ/13.
[11] “EPIDEMIC LESSONS AGAINST NEXT TIME: Dr. Copeland Tells Why New York Got Off Easier Than Other Cities-- Pays Tribute to Predecessors.” New York Times. November 17, 1918, sec. Editorial. http://search.proquest.com/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/99999992/abstract/54F5A3343FCD4B91PQ/4.
[12] “INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC NOT EXPECTED HERE: Health Commissioner Feel’s No Alarm Over Surgeon General’s Warning. MAY BE SPORADIC CASES Dr. Copeland Impressed with New Vaccine--Warns of Danger from Returning Soldiers.” New York Times. December 13, 1918. http://search.proquest.com/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/100139711/abstract/3861089C38A64775PQ/5.
[13] “CASES WHERE NEED IS ESPECIALLY PRESSING: Mother of Seven Needs Assistance. Mother, Ill, Cares for Six. Widow and Seven Children. A Crippled Boy’s Life Battle. Influenza Cripples a Family. Widow in Need of Assistance. Influenza Impoverishes a Family. Deserted by His Parents.” New York Times. December 21, 1918. http://search.proquest.com/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/100158866/abstract/BBDD5DD8A8894C64PQ/8.
[14] Goodman, J. David. “How Outbreak Kept New York A Step Behind: [Foreign Desk].” New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast). April 8, 2020, sec. A. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2387133097/citation/CD6E7FB5B8BF4A2BPQ/1.
[15] Goodman, J. David. “How Outbreak Kept New York A Step Behind: [Foreign Desk].” New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast). April 8, 2020, sec. A. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2387133097/citation/CD6E7FB5B8BF4A2BPQ/1.
[16] Thompson, Corinne N. “COVID-19 Outbreak — New York City, February 29–June 1, 2020.” MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 69 (2020). https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6946a2.
[17] Adler, Ben, and Jeff Coltin. “Is Coronavirus de Blasio’s Katrina? The Mayor Has Been Leading New York City from behind. It Could Prove Catastrophic.” City & State 9, no. 11 (March 23, 2020): 8–9. https://libdatabase.newpaltz.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=n5h&AN=142462965&site=ehost-live.\
[18] Williams, Zach, and Jeff Coltin. “WHY NY?: New York Was Always Going to Get Hit Hard by COVID-19, but Political Decisions Made Things Worse.” City & State, April 13, 2020, 8–11. https://libdatabase.newpaltz.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=n5h&AN=142714182&site=ehost-live.
[19] Henning Santiago, Amanda Luz. “Is NYC on the Cusp of a Second Wave?” City & State, September 28, 2020, 5–5. https://libdatabase.newpaltz.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=n5h&AN=146212019&site=ehost-live.
[20] “Nyc Heads Back to School.” City & State, October 5, 2020, 4–4. https://libdatabase.newpaltz.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=n5h&AN=146313659&site=ehost-live.
[21] “Nyc Heads Back to School.” City & State, October 5, 2020, 4–4. https://libdatabase.newpaltz.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=n5h&AN=146313659&site=ehost-live.
Dublin Core
Title: Epidemic Guard For Port: All Incoming Steamships Watched for Signs of Spanish Influenza
Subject: Spanish Influenza, NYC, 1918
Description: Describes that NYC had rigorous quarantine methods in place for incoming ships to New York City's harbor, but that "it would be impossible to quarantine every vessel which arrives with a few cases on board." Also mentions how "A considerable number of American negroes, who have gone to France on horse transports, have contracted Spanish Influenza on shore and died in the French hospitals of pneumonia."
Creator: The New York Times
Publisher: The Historical New York Times
Date: 08-19-1918
Rights: Copyright New York Times Company Aug 19, 1918 https://about-proquest-com.libdatabase.newpaltz.edu/en/about/terms-and-conditions
Format: Pdf
Language: English
Type: Text
Coverage: NYC, 1918
Text Item Type Metadata
Original Format: Newspaper
Collection: Spanish Influenza Pandemic 1918-1919
Citation: The New York Times, “Epidemic Guard For Port: All Incoming Steamships Watched for Signs of Spanish Influenza,” Comparative History: Spanish Influenza and COVID-19 in the U.S. , accessed June 5, 2024, https://ushistory1918flu2020covid.omeka.net/items/show/17.
Dublin Core
Title: Only 20 New Cases Of Influenza Here: Persons Under Treatment in City Hospitals Mostly Army and Navy Men
Subject: Spanish Influenza, NYC, 1918
Description: Details that only twenty new cases were reported yesterday, which brought total reported cases to three-hundred and sixty-seven. Reports that Dr. Copeland, health commissioner of NYC at the time, observed that saliva transmitted the disease and warned citizens to not put their mouths on telephones when using them. Details symptoms of the disease and advises physicians to "have cultures taken from the throat and the blood to isolate, if possible, the organism responsible for the disease." Then reports that Surgeon General Rupert Blue worked with the President of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, who subsequently had his five-hundred managers telegrams urging staff, and policyholders, to maintain "good physical condition and avoiding crowded places where there is danger from sneezing." Also mentions Franklin Delano Roosevelt steadily recovering at his mother's home.
Creator: The New York Times
Publisher: The Historical New York Times
Date: 09-22-1918
Rights: Copyright New York Times Company Sep 22, 1918 https://about-proquest-com.libdatabase.newpaltz.edu/en/about/terms-and-conditions
Format: Pdf
Language: English
Type: Text
Coverage: NYC, 1918
Text Item Type Metadata
Original Format: Newspaper
Collection: Spanish Influenza Pandemic 1918-1919
Citation: The New York Times, “Only 20 New Cases Of Influenza Here: Persons Under Treatment in City Hospitals Mostly Army and Navy Men,” Comparative History: Spanish Influenza and COVID-19 in the U.S. , accessed June 5, 2024, https://ushistory1918flu2020covid.omeka.net/items/show/18.
Dublin Core
Title: Epidemic Lessons Against Next Time: Dr. Copeland Tells Why New York Got Off Easier Than Other Cities--- Pays Tribute to Predecessors
Subject: Spanish Influenza , NYC, 1918
Description: Dr. Copeland cites past epidemics as a valuable source of knowledge that they tapped into in order to create a strategy in combating the Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919. While this article prematurely declares the pandemic over, it lists many statistics at the time for how many people in NYC died from the pandemic, as well as practices that were taken up in order to combat the pandemic. The article also goes further to talk about the after effects of the pandemic on the populace (Ex: Many children were left as orphans)
Creator: The New York Times
Publisher: The Historical New York Times
Date: 11-17-1918
Rights: Copyright New York Times Company Nov 17, 1918 https://about-proquest-com.libdatabase.newpaltz.edu/en/about/terms-and-conditions
Format: Pdf
Language: English
Type: Text
Coverage: NYC, 1918
Text Item Type Metadata
Original Format: Newspaper
Collection: Spanish Influenza Pandemic 1918-1919
Citation: The New York Times, “Epidemic Lessons Against Next Time: Dr. Copeland Tells Why New York Got Off Easier Than Other Cities--- Pays Tribute to Predecessors,” Comparative History: Spanish Influenza and COVID-19 in the U.S. , accessed June 5, 2024, https://ushistory1918flu2020covid.omeka.net/items/show/19.
Dublin Core
Title: Influenza Cases Drop 305 In City
Subject: Spanish Influenza, NYC, 1918
Creator: The New York Times
Publisher: Historical New York Times
Date: 10-21-1918
Rights: Copyright New York Times Company Oct 21, 1918 https://about-proquest-com.libdatabase.newpaltz.edu/en/about/terms-and-conditions
Format: Pdf
Language: English
Type: Text
Coverage: NYC, 1918
Text Item Type Metadata
Original Format: Newspaper
Collection: Spanish Influenza Pandemic 1918-1919
Citation: The New York Times, “Influenza Cases Drop 305 In City,” Comparative History: Spanish Influenza and COVID-19 in the U.S. , accessed June 5, 2024, https://ushistory1918flu2020covid.omeka.net/items/show/20.
Dublin Core
Title: Influenza Epidemic Not Expected Here: Health Commissioner Feels No Alarm Over Surgeon General's Warning
Subject: Spanish Influenza, NYC, 1918
Creator: The New York Times
Publisher: Historical New York Times
Date: 12-13-1918
Rights: Copyright New York Times Company Dec 13, 1918 https://about-proquest-com.libdatabase.newpaltz.edu/en/about/terms-and-conditions
Format: Pdf
Language: English
Type: Text
Coverage: NYC, 1918
Text Item Type Metadata
Original Format: Newspaper
Collection: Spanish Influenza Pandemic 1918-1919
Citation: The New York Times, “Influenza Epidemic Not Expected Here: Health Commissioner Feels No Alarm Over Surgeon General's Warning,” Comparative History: Spanish Influenza and COVID-19 in the U.S. , accessed June 5, 2024, https://ushistory1918flu2020covid.omeka.net/items/show/21.
Dublin Core
Title: Influenza Impedes Ship Production
Subject: Spanish Influenza. NYC, 1918
Creator: The New York Times
Publisher: Historical New York Times
Date: 10-03-1918
Rights: Copyright New York Times Company Oct 03, 1918 https://about-proquest-com.libdatabase.newpaltz.edu/en/about/terms-and-conditions
Format: Pdf
Language: English
Type: Text
Coverage: NYC, 1918
Text Item Type Metadata
Original Format: Newspaper
Collection: Spanish Influenza Pandemic 1918-1919
Citation: The New York Times, “Influenza Impedes Ship Production,” Comparative History: Spanish Influenza and COVID-19 in the U.S. , accessed June 5, 2024, https://ushistory1918flu2020covid.omeka.net/items/show/22.
Dublin Core
Title: Spanish Influenza Much Like Grippe: Malady Found Not Dangerous Unless Neglected, When Pneumonia May Develop-Its History and Symptoms
Subject: Spanish Influenza, NYC, 1918
Creator: The New York Times
Publisher: Historical New York Times
Date: 09-22-1918
Rights: Copyright New York Times Company Sep 22, 1918 https://about-proquest-com.libdatabase.newpaltz.edu/en/about/terms-and-conditions
Format: Pdf
Language: English
Type: Text
Coverage: NYC, 1918
Text Item Type Metadata
Original Format: Newspaper
Collection: Spanish Influenza Pandemic 1918-1919
Citation: The New York Times, “Spanish Influenza Much Like Grippe: Malady Found Not Dangerous Unless Neglected, When Pneumonia May Develop-Its History and Symptoms,” Comparative History: Spanish Influenza and COVID-19 in the U.S. , accessed June 5, 2024, https://ushistory1918flu2020covid.omeka.net/items/show/23.
Dublin Core
Title: Drastic Steps Taken To Fight Influenza Here
Subject: Spanish Influenza, NYC, 1918
Creator: The New York Times
Publisher: Historical New York Times
Date: 10-05-1918
Rights: Copyright New York Times Company Oct 05, 1918 https://about-proquest-com.libdatabase.newpaltz.edu/en/about/terms-and-conditions
Format: Pdf
Language: English
Type: Text
Coverage: NYC, 1918
Text Item Type Metadata
Original Format: Newspaper
Collection: Spanish Influenza Pandemic 1918-1919
Citation: The New York Times, “Drastic Steps Taken To Fight Influenza Here,” Comparative History: Spanish Influenza and COVID-19 in the U.S. , accessed June 5, 2024, https://ushistory1918flu2020covid.omeka.net/items/show/24.
Dublin Core
Title: Revise Time Table In Influenza Fight
Subject: Spanish Influenza, NYC, 1918
Creator: The New York Times
Publisher: Historical New York Times
Date: 10-06-1918
Rights: Copyright New York Times Company Oct 06, 1918 https://about-proquest-com.libdatabase.newpaltz.edu/en/about/terms-and-conditions
Format: Pdf
Language: English
Type: Text
Coverage: NYC, 1918
Text Item Type Metadata
Original Format: Newspaper
Collection: Spanish Influenza Pandemic 1918-1919
Citation: The New York Times, “Revise Time Table In Influenza Fight,” Comparative History: Spanish Influenza and COVID-19 in the U.S. , accessed June 5, 2024, https://ushistory1918flu2020covid.omeka.net/items/show/25.
Dublin Core
Title: Asks Experts' Aid To Check Epidemic: Copeland Names Committee to Act- Goldwater Sees Peril in Schools
Subject: Spanish Influenza, NYC, 1918
Creator: The New York Times
Publisher: Historical New York Times
Date: 10-13-1918
Rights: Copyright New York Times Company Oct 13, 1918 https://about-proquest-com.libdatabase.newpaltz.edu/en/about/terms-and-conditions
Format: Pdf
Language: English
Type: Text
Coverage: NYC, 1918
Text Item Type Metadata
Original Format: Newspaper
Collection: Spanish Influenza Pandemic 1918-1919
Citation: The New York Times, “Asks Experts' Aid To Check Epidemic: Copeland Names Committee to Act- Goldwater Sees Peril in Schools,” Comparative History: Spanish Influenza and COVID-19 in the U.S. , accessed June 5, 2024, https://ushistory1918flu2020covid.omeka.net/items/show/26.
Dublin Core
Title: Trade And Travel Back To Old Hours: Influenza Waning Rapidly, So Emergency Schedule Is Abolished After Tuesday Evening
Subject: Spanish Influenza, NYC, 1918
Creator: The New York Times
Publisher: Historical New York Times
Date: 11-03-1918
Rights: Copyright New York Times Company Nov 03, 1918 https://about-proquest-com.libdatabase.newpaltz.edu/en/about/terms-and-conditions
Format: Pdf
Language: English
Type: Text
Coverage: NYC, 1918
Text Item Type Metadata
Original Format: Newspaper
Collection: Spanish Influenza Pandemic 1918-1919
Citation: The New York Times, “Trade And Travel Back To Old Hours: Influenza Waning Rapidly, So Emergency Schedule Is Abolished After Tuesday Evening,” Comparative History: Spanish Influenza and COVID-19 in the U.S. , accessed June 5, 2024, https://ushistory1918flu2020covid.omeka.net/items/show/27
Dublin Core
Title: Cases Where Need Is Especially Pressing
Subject: Spanish Influenza, NYC, 1918
Description: Listings of cases where people are in need of assistance. Case #17 details the story and needs of a family crippled by the Influenza pandemic.
Creator: The New York Times
Publisher: Historical New York Times
Date: 12-21-1918
Rights: Copyright New York Times Company Dec 21, 1918 https://about-proquest-com.libdatabase.newpaltz.edu/en/about/terms-and-conditions
Format: Pdf
Language: English
Type: Text
Coverage: NYC, 1918
Text Item Type Metadata
Original Format: Newspaper
Collection: Spanish Influenza Pandemic 1918-1919
Citation: The New York Times, “Cases Where Need Is Especially Pressing,” Comparative History: Spanish Influenza and COVID-19 in the U.S. , accessed June 5, 2024, https://ushistory1918flu2020covid.omeka.net/items/show/28.
Dublin Core
Title: Is Coronavirus de Blasio's Katrina?
Subject: Covid-19 Pandemic, New York City
Description: This article examines if de Blasio's mishandling of the Covid-19 Pandemic and whether or not it will be remembered as being another Hurricane Katrina in terms of the mishandled response.
Creator: City & State New York
Publisher: City & State New York
Date: 03-23-2020
Rights: Copyright of City & State is the property of City & State NY, LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
Format: Pdf
Language: English
Type: Text
Coverage: 2020
Text Item Type Metadata
Original Format: Text
Collection: Covid-19 Pandemic 2020-2021
Citation: City & State New York , “Is Coronavirus de Blasio's Katrina?,” Comparative History: Spanish Influenza and COVID-19 in the U.S. , accessed June 5, 2024, https://ushistory1918flu2020covid.omeka.net/items/show/61.
Dublin Core
Title: Why NY?
Subject: Covid-19 Pandemic, New York City
Description: This article details how the response by the city to the Covid-19 Pandemic exacerbated the spread of Covid in NYC.
Creator: City & State New York
Publisher: City & State New York
Date: 04-13-2020
Rights: Copyright of City & State is the property of City & State NY, LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
Format: Pdf
Language: English
Type: Text
Coverage: 2020
Text Item Type Metadata
Original Format: Text
Collection: Covid-19 Pandemic 2020-2021
Citation: City & State New York, “Why NY?,” Comparative History: Spanish Influenza and COVID-19 in the U.S. , accessed June 5, 2024, https://ushistory1918flu2020covid.omeka.net/items/show/62.
Dublin Core
Title: NYC Cops Arrests More Blacks Under Coronavirus Policy
Subject: Covid-19 Pandemic, New York City
Description: This article examines how black communities were disproportionality targeted by the NYPD during the Covid-19 Pandemic.
Creator: Washington Informer
Publisher: Washington Informer
Date: 05-21-2020
Rights: Copyright of Washington Informer is the property of Washington Informer Newspaper Company Incorporated and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
Format: Pdf
Language: English
Type: Text
Coverage: 2020
Text Item Type Metadata
Original Format: Text
Collection: Covid-19 Pandemic 2020-2021
Citation: Washington Informer, “NYC Cops Arrests More Blacks Under Coronavirus Policy,” Comparative History: Spanish Influenza and COVID-19 in the U.S. , accessed June 5, 2024, https://ushistory1918flu2020covid.omeka.net/items/show/63.
Dublin Core
Title: Echoes of the Past
Subject: Covid-19 Pandemic, New York City
Description: This article has several interviews with people who lived through the AIDS/HIV crisis in NYC and examines the similarities and differences between the impact both viral diseases have had on NYC.
Creator: City & State New York
Publisher: City & State New York
Date: 06-29-2020
Rights: Copyright of City & State is the property of City & State NY, LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
Format: Pdf
Language: English
Type: Text
Coverage: 2020
Text Item Type Metadata
Original Format: Text
Collection: Covid-19 Pandemic 2020-2021
Citation: City & State New York , “Echoes of the Past,” Comparative History: Spanish Influenza and COVID-19 in the U.S. , accessed June 5, 2024, https://ushistory1918flu2020covid.omeka.net/items/show/64.
Dublin Core
Title: No Peace in Chinatown
Subject: Covid-19 Pandemic, New York City
Description: This article examines how anti-Asian discrimination permeated NYC in the wake of the Covid-19 Pandemic and how NYPD had so far failed to take any action in the uptick in hate crimes.
Creator: City & State New York
Publisher: City & State New York
Date: 07-27-2020
Rights: Copyright of City & State is the property of City & State NY, LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
Format: Pdf
Language: English
Type: Text
Coverage: 2020
Text Item Type Metadata
Original Format: Text
Collection: Covid-19 Pandemic 2020-2021
Citation: City & State New York, “No Peace in Chinatown,” Comparative History: Spanish Influenza and COVID-19 in the U.S. , accessed June 5, 2024, https://ushistory1918flu2020covid.omeka.net/items/show/65.
Dublin Core
Title: Chief Doctor For City Quits After Disputes
Subject: Covid-19 Pandemic, New York City
Description: This article describes the N.Y.C. Health Commissioner Dr. Oxiris Barbot leaving her post because of her opinion that "the health department's incomparable disease control expertise was not used to the degree it could have been" during the pandemic with health officials being left "in the background" for the decision making process of dealing with the pandemic.
Creator: The New York Times
Publisher: The New York Times
Date: 08-05-2020
Format: Jpg
Language: English
Coverage: 2020
Text Item Type Metadata
Original Format: Newspaper
Collection: Covid-19 Pandemic 2020-2021
Citation: The New York Times, “Chief Doctor For City Quits After Disputes,” Comparative History: Spanish Influenza and COVID-19 in the U.S. , accessed June 5, 2024, https://ushistory1918flu2020covid.omeka.net/items/show/66.
Dublin Core
Title: How Outbreak Kept New York A Step Behind
Subject: Covid-19 Pandemic, New York City
Description: Details how the outbreak of Covid-19 developed specifically within New York City with the first confirmed case on March 1st, 2020. This article goes on to state how health investigators stated they would investigate points of contact between the person with the first confirmed case of Covid-19 and others, but failed to do so, leading to community spreading of the disease. The New York times found that "confused guidance, unheeded warnings, delayed decision and political infighting" had hampered the response to the pandemic.
Creator: The New York Times
Publisher: The New York Times
Date: 04-08-2020
Format: Pdf
Language: English
Type: Text
Text Item Type Metadata
Original Format: Newspaper
Collection: Covid-19 Pandemic 2020-2021
Citation: The New York Times, “How Outbreak Kept New York A Step Behind,” Comparative History: Spanish Influenza and COVID-19 in the U.S. , accessed June 5, 2024, https://ushistory1918flu2020covid.omeka.net/items/show/68.
Dublin Core
Title: Is NYC on the cusp of a second wave?
Subject: Covid-19 Pandemic, New York City
Creator: City & State New York
Publisher: City & State New York
Date: 09-28-2020
Rights: Copyright of City & State is the property of City & State NY, LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
Format: Jpg
Language: English
Type: Text
Text Item Type Metadata
Original Format: Text
Collection: Covid-19 Pandemic 2020-2021
Citation: City & State New York, “Is NYC on the cusp of a second wave?,” Comparative History: Spanish Influenza and COVID-19 in the U.S. , accessed June 5, 2024, https://ushistory1918flu2020covid.omeka.net/items/show/69.
Dublin Core
Title: NYC Heads Back To School
Subject: Covid-19 Pandemic, New York City
Description: This article looks at the reopening of schools within New York City, the first major city to do so in the United States since the beginning of the Covid-19 Pandemic. Overall, the article states that the path forward was trepidatious as "superintendents and principals union had a vote of no confidence in Mayor Bill de Blasio" and "teachers union[s] push[ing] back against the all-or-nothing approach, arguing instead that the mayor should only close schools in the neighborhoods experiencing spikes in cases" rather than shutting down all schools "if the city hits a 3% positive test rate average over seven days."
Creator: City & State New York
Publisher: City & State New York
Date: 10-05-2020
Rights: Copyright of City & State is the property of City & State NY, LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
Format: Pdf
Language: English
Type: Text
Text Item Type Metadata
Original Format: Text
Collection: Covid-19 Pandemic 2020-2021
Citation: City & State New York, “NYC Heads Back To School,” Comparative History: Spanish Influenza and COVID-19 in the U.S. , accessed June 5, 2024, https://ushistory1918flu2020covid.omeka.net/items/show/70.